Automutilação na adolescência: o que você precisa saber

Falar de automutilação é quase como falar de sexo e drogas na adolescência: parece muito arriscado. É necessário coragem e abertura para entrar nesses temas com adolescentes cheios de curiosidade e impulsos. A impulsividade e a liberdade para correr riscos desconhecidos é parte desse período da vida em que se tem pressa, muita pressa de viver. Ambientes seguros e a presença de adultos que transmitam estabilidade e serenidade é fundamental para que essa liberdade seja vivida de forma saudável.

Nest from Travel And Research In Algeria by Alexander Koenig (1897)

Mas adultos também tem suas inseguranças e impulsos! A verdade é que, enquanto pais, acompanhamos o desenvolvimento de nossos filhos torcendo para não precisarmos entrar muito a fundo nesses temas difíceis – ficamos entre a vontade de ajudar, de apoiar, e o receio de incentivar um comportamento precoce ou disfuncional, despertando a curiosidade para os comportamentos de risco…  A responsabilidade de ser mãe e pai ou responsável por um/a adolescente não é leve. A maioria de nós chega na vida adulta aliviado por ter ‘sobrevivido’ as crises e aos riscos da própria adolescência. E, às vezes, tememos que nossos filhos não sobrevivam ou saiam com mais cicatrizes do que achamos suportável…

Então, quando os pais chegam na consulta desesperados, extremamente confusos, com raiva dos filhos e de si mesmos ou deprimidos, porque descobriram que seus filhos se machucaram propositalmente, geralmente com cortes autoinfligidos, eu não me surpreendo. Em geral, a primeira reação deles é punir a automutilação, no impulso de mostrar imediatamente como discordam desse comportamento. E geralmente a punição implica em restrição da liberdade e vem carregada de esquemas interpretativos preciptados, como por exemplo acusar o adolescente de estar se cortando para ‘chamar a atenção’ quando a intenção dele era esconder a dor emocional com uma estratégia solitária e mal adaptada. Palavras duras, críticas severas, carregadas de decepção, vem do impulso de estancar a dor do filho e interromper o comportamento autoagressivo. E o impulso é super válido e compreensível, mas a reação a ele acaba sendo contraproducente. A minha primeira resposta, depois de validar a preocupação intensa dos pais, é de recomendar não punir um comportamento que já é autopunitivo e já vem carregado de culpa e incompreensão.

Poucas pessoas entendem do que se trata a automutilação, porque pouco se fala dela. E quando se fala, rapidamente a associam ao suicídio e a loucura. Por isso, o desespero. Mas, a automutilação, embora muito associada a problemas de humor e a sentimentos muito difíceis de elaborar, não se equivale à tentativa de suicídio. Na verdade, ela é, muitas vezes, uma estratégia para sentir-se ‘vivo’ ou reverter estados excessivos de ansiedade, vazio e depressão que todo mundo vive em algum grau e em algum momento da vida. Como terapeuta experiente nesse tema, concordo com as campanhas de conscientização que encontrei aqui no Canada que afirmam que as pessoas que recorrem a esse tipo de comportamento não o fazem com intenção de morrer. E essa é a primeira informação fundamental que você precisa ter. Pode parecer contraditório, mas uma parte considerável do impulso autolesivo é motivada pela vontade de viver. E essa vontade precisa ser validada. É partindo dessa validação que conseguimos substituir uma estratégia autodestrutiva por uma estratégia saudável.

Precisamos reconhecer que a agressividade é uma energia vital, com a qual aprendemos a expandir os limites de nossos corpos, desde bebês. Sem resistência e teste aos limites do corpo, dificilmente aprendemos coisas novas e nos sentimos capazes. É natural e revigorante desafiar esses limites. Então, a automutilação pode começar como uma experiência excitante, uma forma de desafiar a tolerância à dor.  É um comportamento de risco intencionalmente controlado. Começa como resposta rápida e segura a essa necessidade de expansão porque está sob o controle da própria vítima. E ao mesmo tempo, pode responder a sentimentos de insatisfação ou reprovação sobre si. Ou seja, no impulso de arriscar-se, desafiar limites para sentir-se viva, a pessoa dirige a agressividade a si mesma. Mas não é saudável levar a agressividade ao extremo, e usar comportamentos repetitivos e compulsivos no processo. Toda compulsão, no fim das contas, é altamente limitante, apesar de começar como algo aparentemente libertador. E, então, vem mais culpa e a solidão. E a resposta que antes parecia sob controle passa a ser insuficiente e a gerar uma busca repetitiva daquela excitação, com cortes mais profundos ou práticas mais lesivas. E as marcas físicas passam a ser mais visíveis e a expor a dor emocional ao invés de escondê-la.

Então, para quebrar esse ciclo, a melhor forma de reagir ao se deparar com sinais de automutilação em adolescentes é buscar compreender a motivação e a magnitude do comportamento. Uma forma inadaptada de lidar com a situação pode aumentar o risco de um transtorno de personalidade, como o Transtorno de Personalidade Borderline, se instalar. Sem julgamentos preciptados. Trate do tema no contexto da saúde mental e não de questões de caráter. Evite reagir nos extremos, com pensamentos catastróficos e pessimistas. Mas, também não ignore a dor emocional que está motivando essa prática.

Provavelmente, esse adolescente vai precisar de ajuda para entender o que está sentindo e para desenvolver outras estratégias de resposta a suas necessidades emocionais. A parceria de adultos compreensivos, inclusive de terapeutas, psicólogas e psiquiatras pode ser fundamental. Procure ajuda. Não espere a erradicação imediata do comportamento e dos sentimentos associados. Tenha paciência. Ofereça opções diversificadas de manejo do estresse, como esportes, práticas meditativas, grupos de psicoeducação em regulação emocional; evite punições excessivas, porque elas pode provocar mais ansiedade, culpa e impulsividade. Ao mesmo tempo, cuide do ambiente para que ele não sirva de gatilho para os impulsos autodestrutivos; por exemplo, evitando deixar ao alcance bebida alcoólica, remédios, objetos cortantes e incendiários. E, acredite na capacidade de transformação e reabilitação de seu/sua filho/a. 

Stress, mental health and autoimmunity

Stress is an umbrella term that has been quite used in a scientific context but not only. We all know what stress concerns, mainly in its negative sense. But do we really understand how it is fundamental in the processes of becoming ill or healthy?

Vaudeville Act 4: Bumbery Blads & Cie, (1907) by Moriz Jung

Scientifically speaking, stress is a non-specific response of the body to any demand to change, which means an effort to adapt to any kind of stimuli, positive or negative. Therefore, stress is a basic adaptative mechanism very important to keep individuals healthy.

However, stress syndrome or a dysfunctional response of body and mind to changing demands can cause real damage in diverse ways. This can be manifested in variable intensity and frequency. Different stress categories include psychological trauma, which refers to a single but very intense response to traumatic events; chronic stress, which can be less intense but much more frequent and cumulative; stress disorders, which are serious manifestations of mental illnesses after psychological trauma and/or chronic exposure to stress triggers; and finally positive stress, which is the response for positive stimuli that can be quite intense and sometimes creates imbalances.

For instance, a person submitted to systematic violent communication can develop chronic stress, having the constant experience of being alert and rare relaxing moments even while sleeping. On the other side, when the body needs to respond to exciting stimuli as radical sports, the mindset is full of positive thoughts associated with positive emotions like joy, hope, confidence, but still, the body needs to adapt rapidly to new circumstances and deal with risks implied – this is positive stress.  

As a medical category, autoimmune diseases also comprise very different conditions with a common mechanism:  the dysfunction of immune cells and the damage of healthy tissues by antigens that were supposed to protect them, mostly through inflammation. The most common symptoms are arthralgia, arthritis, skin rashes, extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems and neuropathic pain – but other more individualized symptoms can be presented like food intolerances, eye dryness and in advanced cases heart and kidney inflammations.

There are more than 70 medical conditions in the big umbrella of autoimmune diseases – the most familiar to the general public being Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). They vary greatly in symptoms and prognosis. And even blood test results can be quite different among patients with the same diagnoses. But, usually, autoimmunity is an excessive response to stress at a cellular level, in which certain hormones or immune cells produce more inflammation than needed. Genetic predisposition plays an important role, but various researches have shown the association between stress and those conditions.

Many studies have found that about 80% of patients with an autoimmune diagnosis, men and women, reported uncommon emotional stress before disease onset. Besides, cumulative stress exposure during childhood, including domestic maltreatment, increases significantly the risk of developing a rheumatologic condition as RA in adult life. In general, women are more resilient to infections but more vulnerable to the damaging effects of stress, biologically speaking. Females compose more than 80% of autoimmune patients, and for some diseases as SLE, Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) and Hashimoto Thyroiditis (HT) they comprise more than 90%. One of the hypotheses to this phenomenon regards the females’ tendency to have more reactive immune systems because of sexual hormones, menstruation, pregnancy and menopause.

The great problem is: being stress and autoimmunity umbrella terms, many health professionals and patients find it difficult to understand and validate the associations experienced by the latter. Also, being women the majority of autoimmune patients, in a still sexist environment, many collect bad experiences with health professionals including physicians and mental health therapists before having proper diagnoses and treatments. Once, I heard from a physician who could not explain the chronic swellings of a patient that her symptom “was solely caused by stress”; then he warned her “be careful, stress can kill you!” Sure, I would say “stress can kill you, and also keeps you alive”.

Counselling someone to not be too stressed to avoid the physical discomfort they are experiencing is not effective and sometimes it can even worsen the symptoms since the patient can feel invalidated and alone in their experience – and this can be even more difficult for people systematically struggling with social inequalities. Insisting on discovering a determinant relationship between psychological trauma and organic symptoms can be interesting but not if expecting that doing so would magically cure the patient. I keep wondering how many women must have been wrongly diagnosed as “hysterics” by the first psychoanalysis practitioners when they could have been suffering from complex and biologically grounded diseases as autoimmune ones. It can be truly a stressful cycle when you’re in pain and with rigid joints, and someone insists you “only” have a psychological problem that can be treated on the divan.

Still, I’m sure that psychotherapy can enhance autoimmune patients’ mental and immunity health if coordinated with physiotherapy, lifestyle changes and medication when needed. I do believe that the most important part that a mental health therapist can play in those cases is to help patients to recognize and validate their own bodily experiences and develop their personal resources to better respond to stress and pain. Learning about the mode of one’s body functioning makes them feel empowered. In this way, patients can better communicate with family, friends and health professionals about their symptoms and treatment choices.

I usually suggest the use of a simple pain and emotional scale card with which the patient can become habituated to mensurate their pain and identify emotions and mood changes triggered by it. Those scales can be assessed during therapy sessions and contribute to the whole therapeutic process. The level of pain can be added to Diary Cards used in DBT and other cognitive-based therapies. Mindfulness exercises can also be learned during sessions and be applied by the patient on a daily basis in order to maintain a grounded embodiment experience, avoiding intense psychological disorganization brought by disruptive experiences as acute pain. Those strategies and having a safe and validating space in therapy can surely prevent stress to become too intense and trigger flares.

References: 
 
Ljudmila Stojanovich and Dragomir Marisavljevich. Stress as a trigger of autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity Reviews 7 (2008) 209–213
 
Georgia E. Hodesa et al. Individual differences in the peripheral immune system
promote resilience versus susceptibility to social stress. PNAS, November 11, 2014, vol. 111 no. 45 
 

Keeping your mental health during political turmoil – Part Two

*This text was written in partnership with Melissa Marsden, M.Ed. and Change Facilitator in the UK

Continuing Part One, with this text we try to bring some more thoughts and practical suggestions for you to keep your mental health during these political tensions in Brazil but not only. Recent political events worldwide call our attention as ‘global citizens’: along with the rapid transformation of journalism and communication, turmoil in different parts of the world influence greatly what happens in apparently unconnected local contexts. An example is Trump’s election in the USA, which was largely discussed in the Brazilian Media and appears to be having an important influence on the polls for the latest presidency run in Brazil.

Avenue of the Allies: Brazil, Belgium (1918) by Frederick Childe Hassam

Professor Antonio Casilli (EHESS, Paris) is optimistic regarding the potential of the Internet to engage people in their communities’ needs and problems for its accessibility. After all, the tools offered by the web are more interactive than traditional forms of communication and allows anyone who is so inclined to become an author and content creator, broadcasting their opinions to the world. On the other hand, Professor Sherry Turkle, who has been studying the potential of the Internet to change human relationships since the 1990s and is usually enthusiastic about technologies and the social interaction promoted through it is now showing some concerns. She has pointed out that social media is being used as means of avoiding loneliness, leading many to become addicted to the illusion of being accompanied, when in fact there rarely are any meaningful connections to other human beings taking place. Turkle adds that anonymous avatars are often used in such cases, a situation that she has conceptualized as ‘fragile selves’, where people become less empathetic and open to having deep and relevant conversations. Especially regarding politics, one can observe some people avoiding open debates and using the Internet as a way to spill their intense feelings, not caring as much to others’ feelings.

Hence, aware of these controversial aspects of online communication we have some suggestions for you to preserve your mental health and well-being while being connected:

  • Avoid discussing with anonymous avatars online. As reflections of their fragile selves, some people make use of anonymous avatars to provoke anger and extreme reactions in other people, like a mirror for their own dissatisfaction and loneliness.
  • Carefully select the platforms, websites, online channels etc in which you will navigate. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, Youtube, LinkedIn, Pinterest etc. Not all social media network is the same, nor are the communities they create and the tools they offer. You do not need to abandon social media altogether, but being more selective and investing your time in those platforms that overall add more than it takes is recommended if tensions are high.
  • Find a way to gain your counterpart’s respect and make them see things from a different perspective. If your fears are related to an increase in anti-democratic discourse and social movements, is worth remembering that many of those seduced by authoritarian speech are also scared of something that seems terrible for them. This means that despite the challenges of communication, we are more alike than our initial impressions might indicate. Therefore, in some circumstances, you’ll do better expressing your feelings and fears clearly rather than accusing or judging people as they were directly responsible for your emotions. You can start gaining your counterpart’s respect showing you are equally sensitive to the current political turmoils but do not expect solutions from autocratic leaders. In this way you invite them to experience ‘your shoes’, reinforcing empathy and the sense of democracy as a great value.
  • Avoid being monothematic. You should always attempt to navigate some virtual spaces where political debate is unlikely to take place. These could be, for example, related to a hobby such as cooking or cycling. Professor David Servan Shraiber teaches us that to have cardiac coherence and consequently to improve your mental health, we need to exercise the richness of emotional variability, being stimulated by diverse contents and interactions.

Finally, we would like to highlight that it is normal to feel somewhat hopeless in times like this but try to not paralyze. Accept your feelings and experiences as valuable and engage in momentous conversations with people with whom you identify politically and those you do not but with which conversation can be reasonable and informative. If you self-identify as a member of a social minority group, doing so is even more important. It is very common for us to feel isolated in times of great turmoil. We can guarantee that you are not! All you need to do is look in the right places and engage in productive action. We hope this article resonates with this! Please let us know your actual experiences and give us your tips.

Keeping your mental health during political turmoil – Part One

*This text was written in partnership with Melissa Marsden, M.Ed. and Change Facilitator in the UK


Many of you have noticed the ambience of polarization within politics that has been strengthening over the last couple of years. We are witnessing an increase of extremist political views being proclaimed and broadcast on the web from all around the world. Many times, these ideas are communicated in a very provocative and aggressive manner. We also find that those engaging in such practices come from all layers of society, ranging from politicians and people of public interest to regular citizens.

Along with the advancement of Internet connectivity and social media, our main source of information is rapidly moving from television and printed news, to the Internet. As a confrontational form of communicating becomes more frequent and pronounced on the web, we are constantly coming in contact with material that distresses us. By reading some online comments, we are left with a sense that people are becoming less attentive to the feelings of others and in favour of extreme emotional and verbal reactions. Additionally, with the rise of conservative views of society, many of the statements being made are targeting racial, social and/or economic minorities, such as the LGBTQ community, immigrants, certain religious practices and those in poverty, aggravating the risks of developing limiting mental health issues in an already vulnerable group.

Thus, if you have experienced bodily tension, insomnia, anxiety, loneliness, fear or deep hopelessness in this polarized political climate, we have written this article for you! It will be published in separated parts with practical tips. What motivated us? Well… we work in the fields of mental health and education and have been experiencing first hand the impacts of the current societal changes on the life and mental health of many of the young individuals and social minority group of people we have been working with. Our goal is to aid those who in the current local or global political environments are experiencing emotional unease.

Here are our first suggestions for you to keep mental health and well-being during this political context:

  • Promote meaningful conversations with a variety of people about your political concerns, both offline and online. ‘True conversations’, as the journalist Celeste Headlees defines in her TED Talk, include: being really present at the moment (don’t multitask!), and don’t focus on teaching your interlocutor but on learning something new (listening!).

  • Better regulate the activities and/or time you spend on the Internet. Be aware of the misleading nature of social media, which, in an era of pronounced individualism, can provide us with the illusion of belonging that can be very addictive. We are not suggesting you quit social media for good, but if you feel it’s getting you bogged down emotionally, why not allocate social media-free time slots during your daily routine? If you are not convinced, note that the OECD has found that excessive internet use can have a negative effect on wellbeing, and PISA (2015) has found that the longer people spend online, the more likely they are to experience cyberbullying. Finally, Facebook has felt the need to publish a blog post indicating that in certain instances using Facebook can have a negative effect on people’s moods and that heavier users of the site can have worse mental health. So the slight change of habit suggested could do you a whole lot of good!

  • Do not engage in political debates on platforms you are not very familiar with the basic rules and resources. If you master the tool you are using and are knowledgeable and familiarised with the resources available, you are less likely to experience stressful moments while navigating.

  • Do not let fear be the main motivation for your communication. Fear is an important emotion that protects us when facing real danger. Stereotypes are, for many reasons, also very useful to us. Nevertheless, encountering differences or confronting the unknown can be very daunting, can confuse us, can make us question the values we take for granted. As the Internet enables us to broaden our network, we are more likely to find people who think differently and make different choices in life. Instead of instantly reacting to fear, give yourself time to sit with those emotions and reflect on them. Identify why you are feeling this way. Why has this or that political/social/economic opinion disturbed you so much? What kind of danger are you scared of? Your current level of fear is proportional to the real danger? In answering these questions, decide if you are going to engage in the conversation or not. Will your contribution bring to a meaningful conversation? Or is the main purpose of your words to publicize your fears, anger and frustrations? How will that help others? Will that help you to feel better and face the real danger you perceive? If it is so, stand for your arguments!

We hope this was helpful! Let us know your experiences and opinions on this complex and important issue. Do you have any tips to add to our list? We would love the hear from you! Please share this article if you think someone you know could benefit from it, and stay tuned for our next tips. 

Uncle Sam’s church (1895) by Ethel Reed.